Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and
 inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation
 of freedom, justice and peace in the world,

 Whereas disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in
 barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind, and
 the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of
 speech and belief and freedom from fear and want has been
 proclaimed as the highest aspiration of the common people,

 Whereas it is essential, if man is not to be compelled to have recourse,
 as a last resort, to rebellion against tyranny and oppression, that
 human rights should be protected by the rule of law,

 Whereas it is essential to promote the development of friendly
 relations between nations,

 Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter
 reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and
 worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women
 and have determined to promote social progress and better standards
 of life in larger freedom,

 Whereas Member States have pledged themselves to achieve, in
 cooperation with the United Nations, the promotion of universal
 respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental
 freedoms,

 Whereas a common understanding of these rights and freedoms is of
 the greatest importance for the full realization of this pledge,

 Now, therefore,

 The General Assembly,

 Proclaims this Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common
 standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that
 every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration
 constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote
 respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures,
 national and international, to secure their universal and effective
 recognition and observance, both among the peoples of Member
 States themselves and among the peoples of territories under their
 jurisdiction.

 Article I

 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They
 are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one
 another in a spirit of brotherhood.

 Article 2

 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this
 Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex,
 language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
 property, birth or other status.

 Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political,
 jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which
 a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
 non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

 Article 3

 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.

 Article 4

 No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave
 trade shall be prohibited in all their forms.

 Article 5

 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
 treatment or punishment.

 Article 6

 Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before
 the law.

 Article 7

 All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination
 to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection
 against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against
 any incitement to such discrimination.

 Article 8

 Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent
 national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him
 by the constitution or by law.

 Article 9

 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile.

 Article 10

 Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an
 independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his rights
 and obligations and of any criminal charge against him.

 Article 11

    1.Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until
      proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the
      guarantees necessary for his defence.
    2.No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission
      which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the
      time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one
      that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.

 Article 12

 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy,
 family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and
 reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against
 such interference or attacks.

 Article 13

    1.Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders
      of each State.
    2.Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his
      country.

 Article 14

    1.Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from
      persecution.
    2.This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from
      non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the
      United Nations.

 Article 15

    1.Everyone has the right to a nationality.
    2.No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality nor denied the right to change
      his nationality.

 Article 16

    1.Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or
      religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal
      rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.
    2.Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending
      spouses.
    3.The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to
      protection by society and the State.

 Article 17

    1.Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others.
    2.No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property.

 Article 18

 Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion;
 this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and
 freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or
 private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship
 and observance.

 Article 19

 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right
 includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek,
 receive and impart information and ideas through any media and
 regardless of frontiers.

 Article 20

    1.Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
    2.No one may be compelled to belong to an association.

 Article 21

    1.Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or
      through freely chosen representatives.
    2.Everyone has the right to equal access to public service in his country.
    3.The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will
      shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal
      and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting
      procedures.

 Article 22

 Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and
 is entitled to realization, through national effort and international
 co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of
 each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for
 his dignity and the free development of his personality.

 Article 23

    1.Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and
      favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.
    2.Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work.
    3.Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for
      himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if
      necessary, by other means of social protection.
    4.Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his
      interests.

 Article 24

 Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable
 limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay.

 Article 25

    1.Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and
      well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and
      medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event
      of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of
      livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.
    2.Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All
      children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection.

 Article 26

    1.Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the
      elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory.
      Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher
      education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
    2.Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and
      to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall
      promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or
      religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the
      maintenance of peace.
    3.Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to
      their children.

 Article 27

    1.Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to
      enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits.
    2.Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests
      resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the
      author.

 Article 28

 Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the
 rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.

 Article 29

    1.Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full
      development of his personality is possible.
    2.In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such
      limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due
      recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the
      just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic
      society.
    3.These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes
      and principles of the United Nations.

 Article 30

 Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any
 State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform
 any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set
 forth herein.